Unit 2 Exam Review

• Survey, case study, naturalistic observation, and experiment
• Survey -  a data collection tool used to gather information about individuals
• Case Study - in-depth study of one person
• Naturalistic Observation - observing subjects in their natural environment
• Experiment - manipulating one variable to determine if changes in one variable cause changes in another variable

• Independent vs. Dependent Variable
• Independent - manipulated
• Dependent - changed

• Random Sample
•  individuals that are randomly selected from a population

• Correlational Research
• a statistical measurement of the relationship between two variables

• Hindsight Bias
• believing that you knew something all along, after being told the outcome

• Placebo
• a substance having no pharmacological effect but administered as a control in testing experimentally or clinically the efficacy of a biologically active preparation

• Single-blind & double-blind experiment
• Single-Blind - subjects don't know whether they are in the control group or the experimental group
• Double-Blinded - both subjects and experimenters don't know which group is the experimental group or controlled group

• Mean, median, and mode
• Mean - the average
• Median - the middle
• Mode - most frequent

• Experimental and control group
• Experimental - exposes subjects to treatment
• Control - comparison for evaluation

• Positive vs. negative correlation
• Positive - both variables increase or decrease at the same time
• Negative - as the amount of one variable increases, the other decreases

• Cross-sectional vs. longitudinal research
• Cross-Sectional - utilizes different groups of people who differ in the variable of interest, but share other characteristics such as socioeconomic status, educational background, and ethnicity
• Longitudinal -  research method used to discover relationships between variables that are not related to various background variables. This observational research technique involves studying the same group of individuals over an extended period of time.

• Hypothesis 
• a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables

• American Psychological Association (APA) and their response to ethics in regards to animal and human research
• The acquisition, care, housing, use, and disposition of nonhuman animals in research must be in compliance with applicable federal, state, and local, laws and regulations, institutional policies, and with international conventions to which the United States is a party. APA members working outside the United States must also follow all applicable laws and regulations of the country in which they conduct research

• Standard Deviation
• a measure of dispersion in scores, whether they are narrowly or broadly dispersed around the mean

• Descriptive research vs. inferential research
• Descriptive - describes the results of research
• Inferential - used to make an inference or draw a conclusion beyond the raw data